Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is an important tool for optimizing the use of limited resources by assuring efficient and effective implementation of development activities and enabling planners and decision makers to draw lessons for the future. The role of M&E as a tool of efficient and effective management of development activities in the short and intermediate terms and for strengthening management capabilities in the long term is increasingly recognized. Although planners and decision-makers may monitor and evaluate development activities, they may not be professionally conversant with the concepts and processes involved in M&E. Monitoring and evaluation is not an end unto itself. It is a tool to be used to promote good governance, modern management practices, innovation and reforms, and better accountability.